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Embedding Quantum Program Verification into Dafny

Despite recent development of quantum program verification, it is still in its early stage, where many quantum programs are hard to verify due to their inherent probabilistic nature and parallelism in quantum superposition. We propose QafnyC, a system that compiles quantum program verification into a well-established classical program verifier Dafny, enabling the formal verification of quantum programs. The key insight behind Qafny is the separation of quantum program verification from its execution, leveraging the strength of classical verifiers to ensure correctness before compiling certified quantum programs into executable circuits. Using QafnyC, we have successfully verified 37 diverse quantum programs by compiling their verification into Dafny. To the best of our knowledge, this is the most extensive formally verified set of quantum programs.